No countries restrict or place age limits on the consumption and sale of energy drinks, so they are readily accessible to all populations and ages. This type of drink has gained particular prominence, as evidenced by its consumption by various demographic groups, with and without risks of disease, such as youths, workers, students, professional athletes, amateur athletes, and nightlife revelers. Energy drinks have a high caffeine content which is normally combined with large amounts of vitamins, minerals, taurine, amino acids, and different mixtures of phytochemicals. It is necessary to differentiate between energy drinks and traditional beverages (coffee, tea, isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic sports drinks, and soft drinks such as cola). Their consumption has increased exponentially as they have gained in popularity and it has now become a multibillion-dollar industry. Energy drinks first appeared in Austria in 1987 with a well-known brand and erupted across the globe over the following years. The aim of this literature review, therefore, is to present the results of recent studies, classifying them according to the differences in the associations between energy drinks and: (i) Athletic performance (ii) cardiovascular risk factors while practicing sports and (iii) genetic associations and future prospects between the consumption of energy drinks and performance.Įnergy drinks first made their appearance in Europe and Asia in 1960.
A potential positive correlation between genetics and the moderate consumption of energy drinks and athletic performance has recently been reported notwithstanding, a better understanding of the genetic variants involved in metabolism is a key area for future research to optimize the dose of energy drink consumed and obtain the maximal ergogenic effect in elite sports. However, apart from their ergogenic effects, the regular consumption of energy drinks also increases blood pressure and consequently incites problems such as hypertension, tachycardia, and nervousness, all of which can lead to cardiovascular disorders. Numerous studies have shown that drinking moderate doses of such drinks produces beneficial effects, as they considerably boost the sporting performance of elite athletes in various sports, including both endurance and explosive events. The consumption of energy drinks (e.g., containing caffeine and taurine) has increased over the last decade among adolescents and athletes to enhance their cognitive level and improve intellectual and athletic performance.
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